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Week Three Quiz
When we perform an experiment, we
measure independent variables,
produce dependent variables.
produce control variables.
produce a comparison.
hold independent variables constant.
The control group in an experiment
fixes the level of a variable across all experimental conditions.
is often untreated.
receives the same level of the independent variable as the experimental group.
refers to the manipulation of the independent variable.
In research on the decompression of pregnant rats, the independent variable is ______, a dependent variable is ________, and a control variable is _______________.
Reduced air pressure; behavioral tests; strain of the rat
Body weight; climbing ability; time of day
Atmospheric pressure; age of rat; climbing ability
Number of decompressions; body weight; home cage
Experimental group; control group; test performance
In experiments, independent variables are
the result of careful measurements.
extraneous to the experiment and held constant.
extraneous to the experiment and allowed to vary randomly.
independent of experimenter control.
varied by the researcher.
Dependent variables are
manipulated by the researcher.
potential independent variables that are held constant.
measured by the researcher.
probable behavioral causes.
One reason a valid experiment may produce null results is
the range of levels in the independent variable was insufficient to show an effect.
the dependent variable reflects a broad range of performance.
that the experiment is conducted in an environment that is too difficult.
that reactivity occurs in the participants (e.g., they adopt the role of “good behavior”).
In experiments, the independent variable should be _________, the dependent variable should be __________, and the control variable should be ________.
controlled; constant; randomized
constant; an effect; causal
free; restricted; elevated
balanced; unconfounded; an effect
manipulated; measured; held constant
An interaction occurs when
an independent variable effects a dependent variable.
one independent variable effects a second independent variable.
the effect one dependent variable has is not the same at each level of a second dependent variable.
the effect one independent variable has is not the same at each level of a second independent variable.
Which of the following is an example of the Hawthorne effect?
Experimenter bias
Reactivity in an experiment
Participant observation
Unobtrusive outcomes
A variable that inadvertently causes an experimental result is
confounded with the dependent variable.
confounded with the independent variable.
confounded with the control variables.
unlikely to be important in experiments.
Construct validity permits one to do which of the following?
Generalize
Attribute causality
Have confidence in constructs
Support hypothesis
Which of the following is a source of construct invalidity?
Bias
Random error
Carry-over effects
Counterbalancing
If a study has external validity, one is entitled to
generalize.
attribute causality.
have confidence in constructs.
support hypotheses.
Internal validity allows one to do which of the following?
Generalize
Attribute causality
Have confidence in constructs
Support hypotheses
Which of the following is the most likely to have the greatest internal validity?
Surveys
Case studies
Relational research
Experiments
Test reliability determined by a correlation between scores from the same test taken at two different times is called
test-retest reliability.
parallel forms reliability.
split-half reliability.
predictive reliability.
Statistical reliability determines whether results
will occur five percent of the time.
occur because of chance.
are internally valid.
are produced by bias.
Which of the following is a major threat to internal validity?
Confounding
Deviant-case analysis
Truncated range
Dependent variables
A type of validity that is specifically concerned with being able to make causal statements about relationships between variables is _______________ validity.
External
Internal
Construct
Predictive
A replication of research helps to determine ______________ validity.
Construct
External
Internal
Predictive
Week Three Quiz
Complete the following quiz. Choose your response by highlighting your answer.
When we perform an experiment, wemeasure independent variables,
produce dependent variables.
produce control variables.
produce a comparison.
hold independent variables constant.
The control group in an experiment
fixes the level of a variable across all experimental conditions.
is often untreated.
receives the same level of the independent variable as the experimental group.
refers to the manipulation of the independent variable.
In research on the decompression of pregnant rats, the independent variable is ______, a dependent variable is ________, and a control variable is _______________.
Reduced air pressure; behavioral tests; strain of the rat
Body weight; climbing ability; time of day
Atmospheric pressure; age of rat; climbing ability
Number of decompressions; body weight; home cage
Experimental group; control group; test performance
In experiments, independent variables are
the result of careful measurements.
extraneous to the experiment and held constant.
extraneous to the experiment and allowed to vary randomly.
independent of experimenter control.
varied by the researcher.
Dependent variables are
manipulated by the researcher.
potential independent variables that are held constant.
measured by the researcher.
probable behavioral causes.
One reason a valid experiment may produce null results is
the range of levels in the independent variable was insufficient to show an effect.
the dependent variable reflects a broad range of performance.
that the experiment is conducted in an environment that is too difficult.
that reactivity occurs in the participants (e.g., they adopt the role of “good behavior”).
In experiments, the independent variable should be _________, the dependent variable should be __________, and the control variable should be ________.
controlled; constant; randomized
constant; an effect; causal
free; restricted; elevated
balanced; unconfounded; an effect
manipulated; measured; held constant
An interaction occurs when
an independent variable effects a dependent variable.
one independent variable effects a second independent variable.
the effect one dependent variable has is not the same at each level of a second dependent variable.
the effect one independent variable has is not the same at each level of a second independent variable.
Which of the following is an example of the Hawthorne effect?
Experimenter bias
Reactivity in an experiment
Participant observation
Unobtrusive outcomes
A variable that inadvertently causes an experimental result is
confounded with the dependent variable.
confounded with the independent variable.
confounded with the control variables.
unlikely to be important in experiments.
Construct validity permits one to do which of the following?
Generalize
Attribute causality
Have confidence in constructs
Support hypothesis
Which of the following is a source of construct invalidity?
Bias
Random error
Carry-over effects
Counterbalancing
If a study has external validity, one is entitled to
generalize.
attribute causality.
have confidence in constructs.
support hypotheses.
Internal validity allows one to do which of the following?
Generalize
Attribute causality
Have confidence in constructs
Support hypotheses
Which of the following is the most likely to have the greatest internal validity?
Surveys
Case studies
Relational research
Experiments
Test reliability determined by a correlation between scores from the same test taken at two different times is called
test-retest reliability.
parallel forms reliability.
split-half reliability.
predictive reliability.
Statistical reliability determines whether results
will occur five percent of the time.
occur because of chance.
are internally valid.
are produced by bias.
Which of the following is a major threat to internal validity?
Confounding
Deviant-case analysis
Truncated range
Dependent variables
A type of validity that is specifically concerned with being able to make causal statements about relationships between variables is _______________ validity.
External
Internal
Construct
Predictive
A replication of research helps to determine ______________ validity.
Construct
External
Internal
Predictive
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